Podiatrists see more lower leg oedema than any other practitioner. The guide to the lower leg oedema:. Congenital. Acquired. Idiopathic causes of oedema.
Infective: Bacterial, Viral: Metabolic: Dietary: Drug Interaction: Other organ assists. Tumours; anaemia; pregnancy.
Congenital causes; Acquired causes. Vit B12. Renal causes. Plasma Problems. Hypoproteinaemia. Drug induced causes. The common drugs that cause peripheral oedema are:,
Risk factors for DVT Deep Venous Thrombosis:.

Symptoms and signs of a DVT. Lower Limb symptoms. Calf symptoms. Ilio-femoral colts.
Post Thrombotic Syndrome. (PTS). The patient has:. CT Venography. D-Dimer assays.
Venous Vessel Problems. The patient has:.

The main causes of Venous Hypertension are:.

Varicose Veins: Where the deep and superficial veins meet.
Definitions: Telangectasia: Reticular Veins. Treatment of Varicose veins. Rare causes of Chronic vessel Disease.

Many names for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome. Sudek's Atrophy. CRPS can develop after:. Features of CRPS. Spread of CRPS. Pain Distribution. Pain Quality.
Definitions of Hyperalgesia and Allodynia.
CRPS affects: Sudomotor; Vasomotor; Temperature; Trophic Changes; Motor; Osteoporosis. Brush allodynia. Price describes 2 types of allodynia.
Causalgia. Neurological factors in causalgia. Sympathetic features.
Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy (RSD). Features of RSD. Problems with diagnosis RSD= CRSP type1. Causalgia = CRPS type 2. Diagnostic Criteria. Mechanisms of CRPS. Brush Allodynia. Static Hyperalgesia.
4 Models used to explain CRPS. Ephase; Sympathetic afferents; Neuroma; Ectopic activity in the dorsal horn. Dorsal root ganglion.
Roberts model.
Central mechanism in production of CRPS. Treatment of CRPS.

Gout is a very common problem. The Gout Syndrome includes:. Gout crystals are made of monosodium urate monohydrate. Gout attack frequency. Serum blood levels.
Inflammatory triad:
Tophi around joints. Pathology. Joint aspiration. Monoarthritis. What does it mean?.
Psoeadgout.
Causes of raised uric acid levels. Reduced Uric acid excretion causes. Drugs that do this include:.
Uric Acid Chemistry. Alcohol effects on metabolism.
Normal Serum Levels for Male and Females.
Symptomatic treatment protocols. Drugs used.
Colchine. Drug amount taken.
Treating Hyperuricemia. Probenecid drug. Dosage. Side Effects. Dietary Changes.

Xanthine inhibitors: Allopurinol and dose ranges.
Steven-Johnson Syndrome is characterised by:.
Images of gout.

A bone mineral density contains result from several sites:. Osteoporosis. Frequency of osteoprotic fractures.
Machines to measure Bone density include: DSA, DSR, QUS, DPA, SEXA.
In Australia we use the DEXA machines:. Limitations of a DEXA.
Who should have a Bone Mineral Density Study?:.

Osteoporosis Bone Pathology. WHO (World Health Organisation) categories of Osteoporosis.
Femoral Neck Fracture Estimation.
Example of A bone Mineral Density Results.
T- Score.
Z- Score.
Interpretation of the results.

Images of reports.

Definition of Osteoarthritis (OA). Aetiology of OA. 2 forms of degeneration. Joints most commonly affected with OA are. Two classifications of OA. Heberden's nodes. Jacksons classification of cartilage degeneration. Classic OA to the knee one will find:.Hip OA, Shoulder OA one will find:. Articular cartilage composition. Proteoglycans. Glycosaminoglycans, chondroitin and keratin sulphate. Types of collagen. Articular cartilage is made up of 4 zones. In superficial injury one finds. In deep injury one finds. Treatment.
Surgical approach to late stage OA . Treatments that have been scientifically proven include. Drug treatments available .Capsaicin and its role. Special hand exercise for OA and therapist with hand pain.
Haemophilic arthritis and arthropathy.
Classification of haemophilia. X-Rays show 6 classifications. Pathogenesis. Pathology of joints. Treatment goals.Aute Haemarthrosis. Sub acute haemarthrosis. Radiological images of OA and haemophilic arthropathy.

Definition. Motor nerve cells. Sensory nerve cells. What are they composed of:. Features of Peripheral Neuropathy. Positive presenting features. Negative presenting features. Definitions of: Dysaesthesia; Paraesthesia. History taking, the questions to ask. Patient examination. Rhomberg test. Ankle reflexes. How to test for position sense. Autonomic features of peripheral neuropathy. Small fibre neuropathy. Guillian-Barre Syndrome. Large fibre Motor and sensory Neuropathy. sensory neuropathy. Sjorgen's syndrome. Causes of acute Neuropathy. Medicine induced neuropathies include:. Neuropathies that can be treated are:. Inflammatory neuropathies. Metabolic. Cancer. Infective causes. Nutritional causes.
Painful Neuropathies. Investigation of Peripheral Neuropathies. Vasculitis EMG. What tests a patient should have for investigation for peripheral neuropathy.
Treatments. Management. Drug Treatments. EMLA creams role. Tinel's sign. Histology of PN. EMG studies: what they look like.
Charcot Marie Tooth disease. Different types. Symptoms of CMT .Diagnosis of CMT. Genetic types include:.

What is a tarsal Coalition?. Coalition Types. Primary. secondary. Bony types. Cartilaginous types.
Classified by their bony unions. Pathophysiology of Tarsal Coalitions. Embryological derivations.
Basic Anatomy. Foot Examination. X-Ray Examinations. Limitations of Techniques.
Tarsal Coalition Screening.
Calcaneonavicular Coalition.
Talocalcaneal Coalition. Harris Beath Views on X-Ray.

The 'Talar Beak views'. The 'C' Sign. False Positive X-Rays.
X-Ray Images of a tarsal Coalition. CT Imaging of Tarsal Coalitions.

Radiological Findings for a Calcaneonavicular Coalition.
Radiological Findings for a Talocalcaneal Coalition.

All CT, MRI and X-Ray imaging of these Coalitions.

What can Nuclear Medicine demonstrate. What does Nuclear Medicine use?:.
What is a radiopharmaceutical? . What is Gamma Camera. What is Tc-99m?. How is the radiation information collected?.
Stress reaction. Stress Fracture. Osteosclerosis. Paget's Disease.
Radiation.
Cardiac Scans.
Subtle Fractures.
Thyroid Scans. I-131. T3 & T4 from the thyroid. Contraindications for a bone scan.
Scan Images: Normal, PA. AP. Reverse Images. 1st phase images. 2nd phase images. 3rd scan images.
Myositis Officans.
Metatarsal fractures.
Patella stress fractures.
Tibial stress fractures. Sacro-ilitis.

Treatment of the symptomatic adult flat foot both surgically and non-surgically is a very common topic at podiatric meetings. What is Posterior Tibial Tendon Dysfunction (PTTD). History: Mann 1982: Anzel: Downey et .al.
Muller described 3 categories of tendon rupture. He later added a fourth.

Mueller's classification of the clinical stages of tibialis posterior dysfunction.
Why a PTT rupture is not to sloe cause of an adult flatfoot. Confirmed by studies of Chu and Myerson 2006.

Nigg 1995 showed that many ligaments etc. had to be severed before the foot became flat.
FO vs AFO.
Testing for Ligamentous Laxity: Hintermann test 1966. Hubscher test. Key Orthotic Pointers for treating PTTD.
Crim's classification of the pathological stages of Posterior tibial dysfunction using MRI studies.
Differential Diagnosis.
Conservative Treatments. Surgical treatments. Myerson's studies 1996.
Mosire 1999.
Ultrasound images of normal and abnormal Tibialis posterior. Injection into the tendon sheath imaging.

This tutorial covers all imaging of the leg and ankle with anatomical drawing to the lower limb concentrating on the foot and ankle.
Differential diagnosis to many points in the foot and ankle.
Check pulses.
Neurology to the lower limb.
Muscle anatomy.
Joint anatomy.
Bony anatomy.

Morton's neuroma. Plantar fasciitis. Retropatellar bursitis. Causes of ankle and foot pain.
Almost 90 images in this tutorial.